AI and Global Governance: Modalities, Rationales, Tensions

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a salient but polarizing issue of recent times. Actors around the world are engaged in building a governance regime around it. What exactly the “it” is that is being governed, how, by who, and why—these are all less clear. In this review, we attempt to shine some light on those questions, considering literature on AI, the governance of computing, and regulation and governance more broadly. We take critical stock of the different modalities of the global governance of AI that have been emerging, such as ethical councils, industry governance, contracts and licensing, standards, international agreements, and domestic legislation with extraterritorial impact. Considering these, we examine selected rationales and tensions that underpin them, drawing attention to the interests and ideas driving these different modalities. As these regimes become clearer and more stable, we urge those engaging with or studying the global governance of AI to constantly ask the important question of all global governance regimes: Who benefits

Automatización de los procesos de inscripción y divulgación de investigaciones de la Jornada Universitaria de Desarrollo Científico JUDC, FAREM – Matagalpa, año 2012

La UNAN FAREM Matagalpa contempla en sus actividades académicas, la Jornada Universitaria de Desarrollo Científico (JUDC); cada Jornada requiere durante su proceso gestionar la información de todos los trabajos inscritos; actualmente la inscripción de las investigaciones se maneja por medios escritos, presentando muchos contratiempos; en cuanto a divulgación se ha hecho de manera tradicional; sin embargo esto crea información poco precisa y no siempre disponible. Es por ello que surgió la necesidad de evaluar el proceso actual de inscripción y divulgación de investigaciones de la JUDC, con el fin de detectar las dificultades; y así brindar alternativas de solución accesibles e implementables, para que la FAREM Matagalpa lleve a cabo de una manera óptima dichos procesos. Las principales dificultades presentadas en el proceso de inscripción y divulgación son que existe demasiado trabajo manual, no se cuenta con el recurso necesario para que dicho proceso se realice completamente, la falta de comunicación y recursos financieros. Al valorar las alternativas de solución a las dificultades encontradas, cabe destacar que la mejor es desarrollar la inscripción y divulgación electrónica a través de sistemas de automatización, como son los sitios web dinámico, ya que este mecanismo brindará información confiable, específica y verídica para todos, además de mantener una comunicación constante entre los personajes que representan la jornada universitaria; asimismo permitirá una mayor proyección de la universidad a la sociedad en genera

Incidencia en el uso de los canales de Servicios alternos-Agentes BANPRO en la zona urbana del Municipio de Matagalpa, durante el periodo del 2017

En este estudio se analiza la incidencia en el uso de los canales de servicios alternos - Agentes BANPRO, en la zona urbana del municipio de Matagalpa, durante el periodo 2017. Se caracterizó dicho canal de servicio, lo que permitió identificar las deficiencias en los mismos y determinar los factores que más inciden en el poco uso por parte de los clientes y agentes BANPRO. Este estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo con elementos cualitativos, el diseño de investigación es no experimental, de tipo explicativo, se trabajó con una muestra de 68 clientes pertenecientes a la sucursal, 37 propietarios de agentes BANPRO y un miembro administrativo y operativo de la entidad financiera. Para la recolección de información se utilizaron como técnicas el protocolo de encuestas a clientes y agentes y el protocolo de entrevistas al gerente de la sucursal de BANPRO Matagalpa. Se concluyó que existen factores que inciden en el poco uso de los agentes BANPRO; siendo las más relevantes, el desconocimiento de la ubicación de los agentes, de los beneficios de uso, inseguridad en la ejecución de las transacciones, falta de efectivo en caja y fondos en las cuentas operativas del comercio, caída de sistema, dependencia de red informática de proveedores para operar y la falta de iniciativa de los agentes para brindar el servicio. Para aumentar el uso de los servicios de los agentes BANPRO se propone diseñar un programa de publicidad, concientizar a los propietarios de negocios y educar a sus clientes sobre el uso de dicho canal de servicio Palabras claves: canales alternos, factores, incidenci

Stimulated Raman Histology for Intraoperative Guidance in the Resection of a Recurrent Atypical Spheno-orbital Meningioma: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Meningiomas are the most common intracranial, extra-axial neoplasms and account for a significant proportion of all central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Regardless of the grade, treatment typically involves upfront surgical resection. However, in many instances, especially in meningiomas arising from the skull base, complete removal is often difficult given the close proximity to important anatomic structures. In this report, we discuss the use of stimulated Raman histology as a means to identify tissue boundaries during the resection of an extensive, recurrent, atypical spheno-orbital meningioma. We report a 75-year-old male with a history of a prior left frontotemporal craniotomy for a grade II meningioma three years prior, who presented with worsening left-sided visual loss and pronounced temporal bossing. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a recurrent left spheno-orbital tumor suggestive of a meningioma extending into the middle cranial fossa, the lateral orbit, and the temporalis muscle. He underwent an extended orbito-pterional craniotomy, and intraoperative stimulated Raman histology aided in the identification of tumor margins within the orbit and the temporalis muscle in order to better preserve the normal orbital contents and muscle bulk of the infratemporal fossa. This case demonstrates the utility of stimulated Raman histology during the resection of invasive skull base tumors. The immediate intraoperative Raman histologic sections can clearly identify tissue boundaries and thus help preserve important anatomic structures. Continued development of this method can potentially improve the accuracy of intraoperative diagnoses and guide surgeons during tumor resections near eloquent anatomical regions or important normal structures

Helping cities drive transformation: the 100 Resilient Cities Initiative

Pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation, 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) was founded in 2013 as a separate NGO to help cities face three major threats and challenges: growing urbanization, globalization, and climate change. Initially, a commitment of $100 million dedicated to build urban resilience was made by the Foundation (the commitment has now gone up to$164 million). With this initiative, 100 Resilient Cities supports cities in building a Resilience Strategy aimed at identifying the main risks they are facing and the best way to tackle them. To help cities drive transformation, 100 Resilient Cities has set up different tools from financial to technical support. The initiative encourages cities to hire a Chief Resilience Officer (CRO) who is the single point of contact within a city’s government. The CRO’s mission is to both deliver the Resilience Strategy of a city by assessing risks and to monitor implementation of the plan. Today, 40 resilience strategies have been set up through 100 Resilient Cities with 90 Chief Resilience Officers in place in cities

Role of the basin boundary conditions in gravity wave turbulence

Gravity wave turbulence is studied experimentally in a large wave basin where irregular waves are generated unidirectionally. The role of the basin boundary conditions (absorbing or reflecting) and of the forcing properties are investigated. To that purpose, an absorbing sloping beach opposite to the wavemaker can be replaced by a reflecting vertical wall. We observe that the wave field properties depend strongly on these boundary conditions. Quasi-one dimensional field of nonlinear waves propagate before to be damped by the beach whereas a more multidirectional wave field is observed with the wall. In both cases, the wave spectrum scales as a frequency-power law with an exponent that increases continuously with the forcing amplitude up to a value close to -4, which is the value predicted by the weak turbulence theory. The physical mechanisms involved are probably different according to the boundary condition used, but cannot be easily discriminated with only temporal measurements. We have also studied freely decaying gravity wave turbulence in the closed basin. No self-similar decay of the spectrum is observed, whereas its Fourier modes decay first as a time power law due to nonlinear mechanisms, and then exponentially due to linear viscous damping. We estimate the linear, nonlinear and dissipative time scales to test the time scale separation that highlights the important role of a large scale Fourier mode. By estimation of the mean energy flux from the initial decay of wave energy, the Kolmogorov-Zakharov constant is evaluated and found to be compatible with a recent theoretical value.Comment: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2015, in press in JF

The intensity of kelp harvesting shapes the population structure of the foundation species Lessonia trabeculata along the Chilean coastline

Kelp are foundation species that support high levels of biodiversity and, either directly or indirectly provide a wide range of ecological goods and services to human society. In recent decades, due to the high demand for kelp-derived products such as alginate, commercial wild harvesting has increased, leading to declines of kelp biomass in some regions. Chile accounts for 40% of the global kelp harvest, with the subtidal kelp, Lessonia trabeculata being one of the main target species. Currently, however, there is a lack of information on how different degrees of harvesting intensity, governed by distinct management regimes and their enforcement infuences L. trabeculata populations. Here we examined the effect different management regimes, characterised by distinct levels of exploitation of kelp and kelp-associated fauna, have on L. trabeculata density and morphology along~1600 km of the Chilean coastline. The findings demonstrated that harvesting intensity likely influences both L. trabeculata density and morphology. Juvenile density of L. trabeculata was five times higher in the most harvesting affected areas, while kelp morphology values, including holdfast diameter, number of stipes and total length, were always higher in the less-intensively harvested areas. Our study suggests that different degrees of protection can influence density and morphology of subtidal L. trabeculata populations, which in turn has important implications for the conservation of the kelp forest ecosystems and management of this important fisher

A Hybrid Godunov Method for Radiation Hydrodynamics

From a mathematical perspective, radiation hydrodynamics can be thought of as a system of hyperbolic balance laws with dual multiscale behavior (multiscale behavior associated with the hyperbolic wave speeds as well as multiscale behavior associated with source term relaxation). With this outlook in mind, this paper presents a hybrid Godunov method for one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics that is uniformly well behaved from the photon free streaming (hyperbolic) limit through the weak equilibrium diffusion (parabolic) limit and to the strong equilibrium diffusion (hyperbolic) limit. Moreover, one finds that the technique preserves certain asymptotic limits. The method incorporates a backward Euler upwinding scheme for the radiation energy density and flux as well as a modified Godunov scheme for the material density, momentum density, and energy density. The backward Euler upwinding scheme is first-order accurate and uses an implicit HLLE flux function to temporally advance the radiation components according to the material flow scale. The modified Godunov scheme is second-order accurate and directly couples stiff source term effects to the hyperbolic structure of the system of balance laws. This Godunov technique is composed of a predictor step that is based on Duhamel's principle and a corrector step that is based on Picard iteration. The Godunov scheme is explicit on the material flow scale but is unsplit and fully couples matter and radiation without invoking a diffusion-type approximation for radiation hydrodynamics. This technique derives from earlier work by Miniati & Colella 2007. Numerical tests demonstrate that the method is stable, robust, and accurate across various parameter regimes.Comment: accepted for publication in Journal of Computational Physics; 61 pages, 15 figures, 11 table